The sexual exploitation and abuse of beneficiaries by humanitarian workers first came to public attention with the release of a report in February 2002 of a joint assessment mission looking into the issue. The joint mission made up of UNHCR-SCFUK personnel reported that "refugee children in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone have been subjected to sexual abuse and exploitation, reportedly by employees of national and international NGOs, UNHCR and other UN bodies..."[1]
Humanitarian agencies responded almost immediately with measures designed to prevent further abuse, setting up an interagency task force to which had the "objective of strengthening and enhancing the protection and care of women and children in situations of humanitarian crisis and conflict.."[2]
In 2008, there are signs that sexual exploitation and abuse of beneficiaries not only is continuing but is under-reported.[3]
In January 2010, the ECHA/ECPS Taskforce developed a website on the subject of protection from sexual exploitation and abuse (PSEA) by personnel of the United Nations (UN), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), or other international organizations.[4]
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A summary of the main findings of the report can be found in the article written by one of the original authors.[5]
The report was based on a field mission by the team which conducted interviews and focus groups with some 1,500 individuals including both children and adults in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone
The researchers found that not only was sexual exploitation widespread, it was also perpetrated by aid workers, peacekeepers, and community leaders. Humanitarian workers traded food and relief items for sexual favors. Teachers in schools in the camps exploited children in exchange for passing grades. Medical care and medicines were given in return for sex. Some forty-two agencies and sixty-seven individuals were implicated in this behavior. Parents pressured their children to enter sexually exploitative relationships in order to secure relief items for the family.[6]
The allegations were investigated by the UN Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) which in October 2002 issued a report which concluded that they had found no "no widespread abuse by aid workers." In an interview with CNN in May 2002, the High Commissioner for Refugees, Ruud Lubbers, stated: "We hardly find concrete evidence. It's very scarce." Save the Children UK, a partner in the original study, responded that "Nothing that the UN has found makes us think that we were wrong."[7]
In July 2002, the UN’s Interagency Standing Committee (IASC) adopted a plan of action which stated: Sexual exploitation and abuse by humanitarian workers constitute acts of gross misconduct and are therefore grounds for termination of employment. The plan explicitly prohibited the “Exchange of money, employment, goods, or services for sex, including sexual favours or other forms of humiliating, degrading or exploitative behaviour” The major NGHAs as well the UN agencies engaged in humanitarian response committed themselves to setting up internal structures to prevent sexual exploitation and abuse of beneficiaries.[8][9]
An important step towards protection from sexual exploitation was taken by the UN with the publication of the Secretary-General's Bulletin: Special measures for protection from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse.[10]
The purpose of the Bulletin was to draw up standards for protecting vulnerable populations, particularly women and children, from sexual exploitation and abuse. It defines sexual exploitation as
any actual or attempted abuse of a position of vulnerability, differential power, or trust, for sexual purposes, including, but not limited to, profiting monetarily, socially or politically from sexual exploitation of another.[11]
It prohibits such behavior by all UN staff and by the staff of all organizations which are working in cooperative arrangements with the UN, i.e. NGHAs. In addition the Bulletin outlines procedures to be followed for preventing and for punishing sexual exploitation and abuse.
In November 2004 a collaborative effort by a number of NGOs set up the Building Safer Organisations project (BSO) with the purpose of developing the capacity of NGOs "to receive and investigate allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse brought by persons of concern—including refugees, displaced persons and local host populations." Hosted at the outset as a pilot project by the umbrella organization, the International Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA) the project initially developed training materials. Using the materials, the BSO project carried out participatory workshops for NGO and UN staff. As of June 2006, a total of 137 NGO staff took part in the management or investigation workshops.[12] In April 2007, BSO was move permanently to Humanitarian Accountability Partnership International where it has been merged with HAP's complaints unit.[13] By April 2008, BSO had held "16 Investigation workshops; seven Investigations Follow-up workshops; seven Management workshops as well as four Training of Trainers workshops and 1 Complaints Mechanisms workshop. 522 humanitarian agency staff has participated in the BSO Learning Programme workshops."[14]
Since its inception, BSO has been helping organisations apply principles of good complaints and response systems to cases of sexual exploitation and abuse by staff. BSO helps NGOs achieve greater accountability by:
An independent evaluation by the Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children concluded "BSO learning program has proven a valuable tool for humanitarian agencies in strengthening their capacity to receive and investigate allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse of beneficiaries by staff....(and) BSO learning program materials are effective and well received."[18]
Two recent studies have pointed out that disaster survivors who have been sexually exploited or abused by aid workers often do not complain. Save the Children explains the lack of complaints in that
- Children and adults are not being adequately supported to speak out about the abuse against them.
- The international community is not exercising sufficiently strong leadership or managerial courage on this issue.
- (There is an) acute lack of investment in child protection by governments and donors.[19]
On 25 June 2008 The Humanitarian Accountability Partnership International (HAP) released a report on Sexual Exploitation and Abuse entitled, "To complain or not to complain: still the question." This report includes detailed reports for three countries where consultations were held. It concludes that,
Sexual exploitation and abuse is a predictable result of a failure of accountability to beneficiaries of humanitarian aid. The single most important reason for this ‘humanitarian accountability deficit’ is the asymmetrical principal-agent relations that characterise most ‘humanitarian’ transactions, that puts the users of humanitarian assistance at a structural disadvantage in their relationship with humanitarian aid providers.[20]
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